Incorporation of a FRET pair within a phosphonate diester

Abstract

Cell-cleavable protecting groups are an effective tactic for construction of biological probes because such compounds can improve problems with instability, solubility, and cellular uptake. Incorporation of fluorescent groups in the protecting groups may afford useful probes of cellular functions, especially for payloads containing phosphonates that would be highly charged if not protected, but little is known about the steric or electronic factors that impede release of the payload. In this report we present a strategy for the synthesis of a coumarin fluorophore and a 4-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid (DABCYL) ester chromophore incorporated as a FRET pair within a single phosphonate. Such compounds were designed to deliver a BTN3A1 ligand payload to its intracellular receptor. Both final products and some synthetic intermediates were evaluated for their ability to undergo metabolic activation in γδ T cell functional assays, and for their photophysical properties by spectrophotometry. One phosphonate bearing a DABCYL acyloxyester and a novel tyramine-linked coumarin fluorophore exhibited strong, rapid, and potent cellular activity for γδ T cell stimulation and also showed FRET interactions. This strategy demonstrates that bioactivatable phosphonates containing FRET pairs can be utilized to develop probes to monitor cellular uptake of otherwise charged payloads.

Keywords: BTN3A1; Dark quencher; FRET; Forster resonance energy transfer; Phosphoantigen; Prodrug.