Guanidine Derivatives: How Simple Structural Modification of Histamine H3R Antagonists Has Led to the Discovery of Potent Muscarinic M2R/M4R Antagonists

Abstract

This article describes the discovery of novel potent muscarinic receptor antagonists identified during a search for more active histamine H₃ receptor (H₃R) ligands. The idea was to replace the flexible seven methylene linker with a semirigid 1,4-cyclohexylene or p-phenylene substituted group of the previously described histamine H₃R antagonists ADS1017 and ADS1020. These simple structural modifications of the histamine H₃R antagonist led to the emergence of additional pharmacological effects, some of which unexpectedly showed strong antagonist potency at muscarinic receptors. This paper reports the routes of synthesis and pharmacological characterization of guanidine derivatives, a novel chemotype of muscarinic receptor antagonists binding to the human muscarinic M₂ and M₄ receptors (hM₂R and hM₄R, respectively) in nanomolar concentration ranges. The affinities of the newly synthesized ADS10227 (1-{4-{4-{[4-(phenoxymethyl)cyclohexyl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl}but-1-yl}-1-(benzyl)guanidine) at hM₂R and hM₄R were 2.8 nM and 5.1 nM, respectively.

Keywords: Antagonists; guanidine derivatives; histamine H3 receptor; muscarinic M2 receptor; muscarinic M4 receptor; structure−activity relationships.