Epidemiological studies have left no doubt that moderate to vigorous physical training (PT) of endurance type decreases atherogenic lipoprotein fractions and increases vasoprotective lipoproteins. Depending on the underlying metabolic abnormality in various dyslipoproteinaemias a different response to endurance training was observed. PT is particularly effective in most forms of primary hypertriglyceridaemias. PT acts on both excessive VLDL production and fractional catabolic rate of TG--rich lipoproteins. However, improved removal seems to be of dominating importance. In primary hypercholesterolaemia LDL--cholesterol levels did not change during a 4 weeks exercise regimen with standardized isocaloric lipid lowering diet. In observational studies with hyperlipidaemic patients with stable body weight and under lipid lowering diet, during the first 4-6 weeks no significant effect on HDL was seen, whereas longterm studies clearly demonstrate an increase in HDL--cholesterol. Further beneficial effects of PT in hyperlipidaemic patients are improved glucose tolerance, down--regulation of hyperinsulinaemia, lowering of blood pressure and correction of hypercoagulability of the blood.