Supplementation of Omega 3 during Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients. 2021 May 18;13(5):1704. doi: 10.3390/nu13051704.

Abstract

Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal death and long-term consequences for the newborn. This review aims to update the evidence about the potential benefit of pharmacological supplementation with omega 3 fatty acids during pregnancy on the incidence of PTB. The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Central databases were searched until 28 June 2020 for RCTs in which omega 3 supplementation was used versus placebo to reduce PTB risk. Data from 37 trials were analyzed. We found an 11% reduction in PTB risk (RR(risk ratios), 0.89; 95% CI (confidence intervals), 0.82 to 0.97) in trials using omega 3 supplements versus placebo. Regarding early PTB (ePTB), there was a 27% reduction in the risk of ePTB (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.92). However, after sensitivity analyses, there were no significant differences in PTB and ePTB risk (PTB RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.01, ePTB RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.09). We conclude that omega 3 supplementation during pregnancy does not reduce the risk of PTB and ePTB. More studies are required to determine the effect of omega 3 supplementations during pregnancy and the risk of detrimental fetal outcomes.

Keywords: meta-analysis; omega 3 supplementation; preterm birth.

Publication types

  • Meta-Analysis
  • Systematic Review

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Dietary Supplements*
  • Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / administration & dosage*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
  • Pregnancy
  • Premature Birth / epidemiology
  • Premature Birth / prevention & control*
  • Prenatal Care / methods*
  • Risk Factors

Substances

  • Fatty Acids, Omega-3