Abstract
In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a novel antimicrobial peptide, YD1, isolated from Kimchi, in both in vitro and in vivo models. We establish that YD1 exerts its anti-inflammatory effects via up-regulation of the Nrf2 pathway, resulting in the production of HO-1, which suppresses activation of the NF-κB pathway, including the subsequent proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. We also found that YD1 robustly suppresses nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by down-regulating the expression of the upstream genes, iNOS and COX-2, acting as a strong antioxidant. Collectively, YD1 exhibits vigorous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, presenting it as an interesting potential therapeutic agent.
Keywords:
AKT; MyD88; NF-κB; RAW 264.7; TLR-4; YD1; anti-inflammation; peptide drug.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
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Cytokines / metabolism
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Edema / chemically induced
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Edema / metabolism
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Edema / pathology
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Edema / prevention & control
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Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects*
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Heme Oxygenase-1 / genetics
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Heme Oxygenase-1 / metabolism*
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Inflammation / chemically induced
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Inflammation / metabolism
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Inflammation / pathology
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Inflammation / prevention & control*
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Lipopolysaccharides / toxicity
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Membrane Proteins / genetics
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Membrane Proteins / metabolism*
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Mice
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Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / antagonists & inhibitors
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Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / genetics
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Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / metabolism
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NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / genetics
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NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / metabolism*
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NF-kappa B / antagonists & inhibitors
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NF-kappa B / genetics
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NF-kappa B / metabolism
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Nitric Oxide / metabolism
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Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / pharmacology*
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 / antagonists & inhibitors
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 / genetics
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 / metabolism
Substances
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents
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Cytokines
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Membrane Proteins
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Myd88 protein, mouse
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Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
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NF-E2-Related Factor 2
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NF-kappa B
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Nfe2l2 protein, mouse
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Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
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Tlr4 protein, mouse
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Toll-Like Receptor 4
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Nitric Oxide
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Heme Oxygenase-1
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Hmox1 protein, mouse