The immunocompetence of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor has been well investigated at molecular and physiological levels, but information on morphological and functional characteristics of its immune cells (haemocytes) is still scarce and fragmentary. This study provides an updated overview of the morphology of circulating immune cells from mealworm beetle adults, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Based on their affinities for May-Grünwald Giemsa stain, haemocytes were defined as either eosinophilic, basophilic or neutral. Ultrastructural descriptions allowed to detect four main cell types in the haemolymph: prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular cells and oenocytoids. The morphological plasticity of haemocytes and the evidence of mitotic circulating cells, intermediate cell stages, as well as autophagic activities suggest haemocyte proliferation, turnover and transdifferentiation as constantly active processes in the haemolymph. Cytochemical tests revealed differences in the distribution of carbohydrates among cell types underling the great plasticity of the immune response and the direct involvement of circulating immune cells in the resource allocation. In addition, our results provide a detailed morphological description of vesicle trafficking, macro- and microautophagy, apoptotic and necrotic processes, confirming the suitability of T. molitor haemocytes as a model for studying evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanisms.
Keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; electron microscopy; exosome; haemocyte morphology; insect immunity; mitosis; vesicular trafficking.