Rationale: Cognitive problems are common in adults with epilepsy and significantly affect their quality of life. HOBSCOTCH (HOme Based Self-management and COgnitive Training CHanges lives) was developed to teach problem-solving and compensatory memory strategies to these individuals. This study examined whether HOBSCOTCH is associated with improvement in specific aspects of subjective executive functions.
Methods: Fifty-one adults, age 18-65, with epilepsy and subjective cognitive concerns were randomized to receive HOBSCOTCH (n = 31) or a care-as-usual control sample (n = 20). Participants completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A), as well as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression. Rates of elevated (i.e., T ≥ 65, impaired) BRIEF-A scores at baseline, as well as pre-post score changes for the BRIEF-A clinical scales were evaluated. Significance was set at α = 0.05, one-tailed, given our directional hypothesis.
Results: At baseline, a considerable percentage of patients in the overall sample endorsed executive dysfunction on BRIEF-A scales: Inhibit = 28%, Shift = 51%, Emotional Control = 45%, Self-Monitor = 33%, Initiate = 35%, Working Memory = 88%, Plan/Organize = 45%, Task Monitor = 47%, Organization of Materials = 28%. Significant improvement was seen in mean T-scores for Inhibit, Shift, Initiate, and Working Memory in the treatment group, but only Working Memory improved in the control group. The control group endorsed worse task monitoring and organization of materials at baseline and follow-up. Change in depression was not observed for either group, and there was no association between changes in depression and BRIEF-A scores.
Conclusions: A sizeable subset of adults with epilepsy reported experiencing executive dysfunction in their everyday lives, especially for working memory. HOBSCOTCH resulted in amelioration of subjective executive functioning independent of changes in mood.
Keywords: Cognitive Remediation; Dysfunction; Epilepsy; Executive function; Subjective cognitive.
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