The combination of in situ pair distribution function (PDF) analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) enables analysis of the formation mechanism of metal oxido nanoclusters and cluster-solvent interactions as they take place. Herein, we demonstrate the method for the formation of clusters with a [Bi38 O45 ] core. Upon dissolution of crystalline [Bi6 O5 (OH)3 (NO3 )5 ]⋅3 H2 O in DMSO, an intermediate rapidly forms, which slowly grows to stable [Bi38 O45 ] clusters. To identify the intermediate, we developed an automated modeling method, where smaller [Bix Oy ] structures based on the [Bi38 O45 ] framework are tested against the data. [Bi22 O26 ] was identified as the main intermediate species, illustrating how combined PDF and SAXS analysis is a powerful tool to gain insight into nucleation on an atomic scale. PDF also provides information on the interaction between nanoclusters and solvent, which is shown to depend on the nature of the ligands on the cluster surface.
Keywords: bismuth; in situ studies; nanostructures; pair distribution function; small-angle X-ray scattering.
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