Purpose: Extravasation of triple-negative (TN) metastatic breast cancer (BC) cells through the brain endothelium (BE) is a critical step in brain metastasis (BM). During extravasation, metastatic cells induce alteration in the inter-endothelial junctions and transmigrate through the endothelial barrier. Transmigration of metastatic cells is mediated by the upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) that induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) capable of degrading inter-endothelial junctional proteins. Despite their important role in BM, the molecular mechanisms upregulating COX-2 and MMP-1 in TNBC cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we unraveled a synergistic effect of a pair of micro-RNAs (miR-26b-5p and miR-101-3p) on COX-2 expression and the brain transmigration ability of BC cells.
Methods: Using a gain-and-loss of function approach, we modulated levels of miR-26b-5p and miR-101-3p in two TNBC cell lines (the parental MDA-MB-231 and its brain metastatic variant MDA-MB-231-BrM2), and examined the resultant effect on COX-2/MMP-1 expression and the transmigration of cancer cells through the BE.
Results: We observed that the dual inhibition of miR-26b-5p and miR-101-3p in BC cells results in higher increase of COX-2/MMP-1 expression and a higher trans-endothelial migration compared to either micro-RNA alone. The dual restoration of both micro-RNAs exerted a synergistic inhibition on COX-2/MMP-1 by targeting COX-2 and potentiated the suppression of trans-endothelial migration compared to single micro-RNA.
Conclusion: These findings provide new insights on a synergism between miR-26-5p and miR-101-3p in regulating COX-2 in metastatic TNBC cells and shed light on miR-26-5p and miR-101-3p as prognostic and therapeutic targets that can be exploited to predict or prevent BM.
Keywords: Blood–brain barrier; Brain metastasis; Breast cancer; COX-2; miR-101; miR-26b.