Diagnosing COVID-19 disease using an efficient CAD system

Ashkan Shakarami; Mohammad Bagher Menhaj; Hadis Tarrah

doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167199

Diagnosing COVID-19 disease using an efficient CAD system

Optik (Stuttg). 2021 Sep:241:167199. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167199. Epub 2021 May 18.

Authors

Ashkan Shakarami¹, Mohammad Bagher Menhaj², Hadis Tarrah³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Computer Engineering, Afarinesh Institute of Higher Education, Borujerd, Iran.
² Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
³ Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

Abstract

Todays, COVID-19 has caused much death and its spreading speed is increasing, regarding virus mutation. This outbreak warns diagnosing infected people is an important issue. So, in this research, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system called COV-CAD is proposed for diagnosing COVID-19 disease. This COV-CAD system is created by a feature extractor, a classification method, and a content-based imaged retrieval (CBIR) system. The proposed feature extractor is created by using the modified AlexNet CNN. The first modification changes ReLU activation functions to LeakyReLU for increasing efficiency. The second change is converting a fully connected (FC) layer of AlexNet CNN with a new FC, which results in reducing learnable parameters and training time. Another FC layer with dimensions 1 × 64 is added at the end of the feature extractor as the feature vector. In the classification section, a new classification method is defined in which the majority voting technique is applied on outputs of CBIR, SVM, KNN, and Random Forest for final diagnosing. Furthermore, in retrieval section, the proposed method uses CBIR because of its ability to retrieve the most similar images to the image of a patient. Since this feature helps physicians to find the most similar cases, they could conduct further statistical evaluations on profiles of similar patients. The system has been evaluated by accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and mean average precision and its accuracy for CT and X-ray datasets is 93.20% and 99.38%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is more efficient than other similar studies.

Keywords: AlexNet CNN; COVID-19 disease; Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system; Content-based image retrieval (CBIR); Image classification; X-ray and CT scan.