Real-Time In Situ Navigation System With Indocyanine Green Fluorescence for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Breast Cancer

Zhaorui Wang; Xiaowei Yang; Jingjing Wang; Peng Liu; Yubo Pan; Chunguang Han; Jing Pei

doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.621914

Real-Time In Situ Navigation System With Indocyanine Green Fluorescence for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Breast Cancer

Front Oncol. 2021 May 5:11:621914. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621914. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Zhaorui Wang¹, Xiaowei Yang¹, Jingjing Wang¹, Peng Liu², Yubo Pan¹, Chunguang Han¹, Jing Pei¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
² Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Abstract

Background: The naked-eye invisibility of indocyanine green fluorescence limits the application of near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR) systems for real-time navigation during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with breast cancer undergoing surgery. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel NIR system in visualizing indocyanine green fluorescence images in the surgical field and the application value of combined methylene blue (MB) and the novel NIR system in SLNB.

Methods: Sixty patients with clinical node-negative breast cancer received indocyanine green (ICG) and MB as tracers. Two NIR system instruments, namely, lymphatic fluorescence imaging system (LFIS) designed by the University of Science and Technology of China and vascular imager by Langfang Mingde Medical Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Langfang vascular imager), were used as navigation assistance to locate sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Excising the lymph nodes developed by both MB and ICG by two NIR systems or palpably suspicious as SLNs and undergoing rapid pathological examination.

Results: Both instruments exhibited 95% (57/60) success for real-time lymphatic fluorescent images. A total of 186 SLNs were identified, of which two were pathologically confirmed as lacking any lymph node tissue. SLN identification rate was 100% (184/184) for MB plus LFIS and 86.96% (160/184) for MB alone. The median number of SLNs identified by LFIS combined with MB was 3 (range of 1-8), which was significantly higher than that by MB alone at 2 (range 1-7) (P<0.05).

Conclusion: LFIS effectively detects SLNs in breast cancer, projects the fluorescence signals during surgery, and provides a continuous surgical navigation system without the need for a remote monitor. The ICG method navigated by combined LFIS and MB may be a promising alternative tracer for radioisotope in SLN mapping.

Clinical trial registration: This clinical trial was registered with the China Clinical Trial Center, registration number ChiCTR2000039542.

Keywords: breast cancer; false negative; indocyanine green; real-time in situ navigation; sentinel (lymph) node biopsy.