Mechanistic Study of Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation over Pd/ZnO-Based Catalysts: The Role of Palladium-Zinc Alloy in Selective Methanol Synthesis

Abstract

Pd/ZnO catalysts show good activity and high selectivity to methanol during catalytic CO₂ hydrogenation. The Pd-Zn alloy phase has usually been considered as the active phase, though mechanistic studies under operando conditions have not been conducted to verify this. Here, we report a mechanistic study under realistic conditions of methanol synthesis, using in situ and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and time-resolved isotope labeling experiments coupled with FTIR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Pd-Zn alloy-based catalysts, prepared through reduction of a heterobimetallic Pd^II Zn^II acetate bridge complex, and which do not contain zinc oxide or any PdZn/ZnO interface, produce mostly CO. The Pd-Zn phase is associated with the formation of CO, and does not provide the active sites required to produce methanol from the direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. The presence of a ZnO phase, in contact with a Pd-Zn phase, is essential for efficient methanol production.

Keywords: CO2 hydrogenation; PdZn alloy; isotope labeling; methanol; operando XAS.