Background: In terms of maternal morbidity and mortality, the puerperium is just as significant as pregnancy and childbirth. Nearly half of all maternal deaths occur in the time after delivery.
Methods: This review is based on pertinent articles in English and German from the years 2000- 2020 that were retrieved by a selective search in MEDLINE and EMBASE, as well as on the available guidelines in English and German and on German-language textbooks of obstetrics.
Results: The most common and severe complications are, in the post-placental phase, bleeding and disturbances of uterine involution; in the first seven days after delivery, infection (e.g., endomyometritis, which occurs after 1.6% [0.9; 2.5] of all births) and hypertension-related conditions. Thromboembolism, incontinence and disorders of the pelvic floor, mental disease, and endocrine disturbances can arise at any time during the puerperium. In an Australian study, the incidence of embolism was 0.45 per 1000 births, with 61.3% arising exclusively after delivery.
Conclusion: Basic familiarity with the most common and severe diseases in the puerperium is important for non-gynecologists as well, among other things because highly acute, lifethreatening complications can arise that demand urgent intervention.