According to the thickening principle and molecular structure of thickeners, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) thickeners have been summarized and introduced by dividing into polymers, small molecular compounds and surfactants. The properties such as solubility, thickening effect, thickening condition and existing problems of scCO2 thickeners are analyzed and assessed, and the research progress and prospects of scCO2 thickeners are proposed. ScCO2 is used in both CO2 fracturing and CO2 flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, due to its low viscosity, the proppant carrying ability and filtration control ability of scCO2 are too weak for fracturing. Also, in the process of CO2 flooding, its low viscosity not only exacerbates the gravity override but also leads to an unfavorable mobility ratio that results in viscous fingering, early breakthrough, and poor sweep efficiency. Therefore, scCO2 thickeners have good application prospects in oil and gas production for improved oil recovery (IOR).