Background: A material's physical and chemical properties during drying are influenced by water status and distribution. However, merely overall water removal is reported in many investigations, which hinders clarification of the drying mechanism. Therefore, the effects of ultrasound (US) pretreatment (0 W, CK; 90 W, US-90; 180 W, US-180) on the drying kinetics and quality of heat pump drying (HPD) scallop adductors was performed based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR).
Results: Compared with CK, effective moisture diffusion coefficient was increased by 12.43% and 23.35% for US-90 and US-180, respectively. The Weibull model satisfactorily described the drying characteristics with a high r2 (> 0.998), low rmse (< 0.0120) and χ2 (< 0.00008). LF-NMR revealed that the immobilized water was predominant in scallop adductors. As drying proceeded, the relaxation time of free and immobilized water was decreased sharply, whereas the relaxation time of bound water scarcely changed. The time required to reduce approximately two-fifths of the original peak area of immobilized water was 720, 630 and 540 min for CK, US-90 and US-180, respectively. The amplitude of immobilized water was decreased and bound water increased significantly, although free water was kept constant (ranging 1-2%). US pretreatment reduced total color difference and hardness, but enhanced the toughness of dried scallop adductors. However, US had no significant influence on the product rehydration rate and shrinkage rate.
Conclusion: LF-NMR was successfully employed to evaluate the drying degree of scallop adductors. US facilitated the conversion of immobilized water to free water and, consequently, promoted water removal during HPD. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords: LF-NMR; Weibull model; drying; scallop adductors; ultrasound; water state and distribution.
© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.