Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium

PLoS Genet. 2021 Apr 26;17(4):e1009537. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009537. eCollection 2021 Apr.

Abstract

Morphogenesis and differentiation are important stages in organ development and shape determination. However, how they are balanced and tuned during development is not fully understood. In the compound leaved tomato, an extended morphogenesis phase allows for the initiation of leaflets, resulting in the compound form. Maintaining a prolonged morphogenetic phase in early stages of compound-leaf development in tomato is dependent on delayed activity of several factors that promote differentiation, including the CIN-TCP transcription factor (TF) LA, the MYB TF CLAU and the plant hormone Gibberellin (GA), as well as on the morphogenesis-promoting activity of the plant hormone cytokinin (CK). Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by studying the relationship between LA, CLAU, TKN2, CK and GA. Our genetic and molecular examination suggest that LA is expressed earlier and more broadly than CLAU and determines the developmental context of CLAU activity. Genetic interaction analysis indicates that LA and CLAU likely promote differentiation in parallel genetic pathways. These pathways converge downstream on tuning the balance between CK and GA. Comprehensive transcriptomic analyses support the genetic data and provide insights into the broader molecular basis of differentiation and morphogenesis processes in plants.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Cell Differentiation / genetics*
  • Cytokinins / genetics*
  • Cytokinins / metabolism
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / genetics
  • Gibberellins / metabolism*
  • Morphogenesis / genetics*
  • Plant Development / genetics
  • Plant Leaves / genetics
  • Plant Leaves / growth & development
  • Plant Proteins / genetics
  • Plant Proteins / metabolism
  • Plants, Genetically Modified / genetics
  • Solanum lycopersicum / genetics
  • Solanum lycopersicum / growth & development
  • Solanum lycopersicum / metabolism
  • Transcription Factors / genetics

Substances

  • Cytokinins
  • Gibberellins
  • Plant Proteins
  • Transcription Factors

Grants and funding

The authors acknowledge funding from the Israel Science Foundation (2407/18 and 248/19 to NO), the Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development fund (IS5103-18R to NO), and the Israel Binational Science Foundation (2015093 to NO). AI is grateful to the Azrieli foundation for the award of an Azrieli Fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.