The prevalence of pediatric primary hypertension (HTN) has increased in the past few decades, most probably related to the increased prevalence of overweight/obesity in this population. According to various estimates 3.5-5% of children and adolescents have HTN. Children and especially adolescents with HTN are at an increased risk for HTN in early adulthood, and for early subclinical cardiovascular morbidity. Therefore, screening for and treatment of pediatric HTN is highly recommended, especially in high risk populations, such as overweight children. In the past few years, new guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of pediatric HTN were published by both the European Society of Hypertension and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The following review will discuss central aspects of the epidemiology, risk factors, definitions, and initial clinical approach of primary HTN in children and adolescents.