Antioxidant and UV-Blocking Properties of a Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Lignin Composite Film Produced from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Muhammad T Haqiqi; Wichanee Bankeeree; Pongtharin Lotrakul; Prasit Pattananuwat; Hunsa Punnapayak; Rico Ramadhan; Takaomi Kobayashi; Rudianto Amirta; Sehanat Prasongsuk

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c00249

Antioxidant and UV-Blocking Properties of a Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Lignin Composite Film Produced from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

ACS Omega. 2021 Mar 29;6(14):9653-9666. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00249. eCollection 2021 Apr 13.

Authors

Muhammad T Haqiqi^{1

2}, Wichanee Bankeeree², Pongtharin Lotrakul², Prasit Pattananuwat³, Hunsa Punnapayak^{2

4}, Rico Ramadhan^{5

6}, Takaomi Kobayashi⁷, Rudianto Amirta⁸, Sehanat Prasongsuk^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
² Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
³ Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
⁴ Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
⁶ Division of Exploration and Synthesis of Bioactive Compound, Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan.
⁸ Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda 75124, Indonesia.

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) pulp with the highest cellulose content of 83.42% was obtained from an optimized process of acid pretreatment (0.5% v/v H₂SO₄), alkaline extraction (15% w/w NaOH), and hydrogen peroxide bleaching (10% w/v H₂O₂), respectively. The EFB cellulose was carboxymethylated, and the obtained carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was readily water-soluble (81.32%). The EFB CMC was blended with glycerol and cast into a composite film. Lignin that precipitated from the EFB black liquor was also incorporated into the film at different concentrations, and its effect on the UV-blocking properties of the film was determined. Interestingly, the EFB CMC film without lignin addition completely blocked UV-B transmittance. The incorporation of lignin at all concentrations significantly enhanced the UV-A blocking and other physical properties of the film, including the surface roughness, thickness, and thermal stability, although the tensile strength and water vapor permeability were not significantly affected. Complete UV-A and UV-B blocking were observed when lignin was added at 0.2% (w/v), and the film also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals with an half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 3.87 mg mL^-1.