Outcomes and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Events in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

Objective: To analyze outcomes and risk factors of cardiovascular events in a metropolitan coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) database, and to perform a subgroup analysis in African American populations to determine whether outcomes and risk factors are influenced by race.

Design: Retrospective cohort analysis from March 9, 2020 to June 20, 2020.

Setting: Population-based study in Louisville, KY, USA.

Participants: Seven hundred adult inpatients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Interventions: N/A.

Measurements and main results: This cohort consisted of 126 patients (18%) with cardiovascular events and 574 patients without cardiovascular events. Patients with cardiovascular events had a much higher mortality rate than those without cardiovascular events (45.2% v 8.7%, p < 0.001). There was no difference between African American and white patients regarding mortality (43.9% v 46.3%, p = 1) and length of stay for survivors (11 days v 9.5 days, p = 0.301). Multiple logistics regression analysis suggested that male, race, lower SaO2/F_IO2, higher serum potassium, lower serum albumin, and number of cardiovascular comorbidities were highly associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events in COVID-19 patients. Lower serum albumin and neoplastic and/or immune-compromised diseases were highly associated with cardiovascular events for African American COVID-19 patients. SaO2/F_IO2 ratio and cardiovascular comorbidity count were significantly associated with cardiovascular events in white patients.

Conclusions: Cardiovascular events were prevalent and associated with worse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Outcomes of cardiovascular events in African American and white COVID-19 patients were similar after propensity score matching analysis. There were common and unique risk factors for cardiovascular events in African American COVID-19 patients when compared with white patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; cardiovascular; coronavirus; outcome; risk factors.