Fatty acid modulation and desaturase gene expression are differentially triggered in grapevine incompatible interaction with biotrophs and necrotrophs

Abstract

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is prone to fungal and oomycete diseases. Downy and powdery mildews and grey mold, are caused by Plasmopara viticola, Erisiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. P. viticola and E. necator are obligatory biotrophs whereas B. cinerea is a necrotroph. In tolerant grapevine cultivars, plant-pathogen interaction induces defence responses, including metabolite and protein accumulation and hypersensitive reaction. Lipid and lipid-derived molecules may have a key role in the activation of defence mechanisms. Previous results suggest that V. vinifera cv Regent tolerance to P. viticola may be mediated in the first hours post inoculation by fatty acid (FA) associated signalling. In the present study we characterized FA modulation in V. vinifera cv Regent leaves upon inoculation with P. viticola, E. necator and B. cinerea and correlated FA modulation with the expression profiles of genes encoding the FA desaturases FAD6 and FAD8. In all the interactions, a progressive desaturation of stearic acid to α-linolenic acid, precursor of jasmonic acid, occurred, which was observed for a longer period against B. cinerea. Our results provide evidence of a distinct FA meditated signalling pattern in grapevine interaction with biotrophs and necrotrophs. While the interaction with the biotrophs may trigger a higher synthesis of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) at early time-points with a tendency to return to basal levels, the interaction with B. cinerea may trigger a later and more durable induction of PUFA synthesis. In all interactions, membrane fluidity modulation occurred, which may be crucial to maintain cellular function during infection.

Keywords: Biotrophy; Downy mildew; Fatty acid desaturases; Grey mold; Necrotrophy; Powdery mildew; Vitis vinifera.