Maternal depressive symptoms and early childhood development: the role of mother-child interactions among mother-child dyads in rural areas of Central and Western China

Xiaoli Liu; Chenlu Yang; Yuning Yang; Xiaona Huang; Yinping Wang; Yaqing Gao; Qiying Song; Yan Wang; Hong Zhou

doi:10.7717/peerj.11060

Maternal depressive symptoms and early childhood development: the role of mother-child interactions among mother-child dyads in rural areas of Central and Western China

PeerJ. 2021 Mar 30:9:e11060. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11060. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Xiaoli Liu^#¹, Chenlu Yang^#², Yuning Yang³, Xiaona Huang³, Yinping Wang⁴, Yaqing Gao⁴, Qiying Song⁴, Yan Wang⁴, Hong Zhou⁴

Affiliations

¹ Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
² Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
³ United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund China, Beijing, China.
⁴ Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Background: The associations among maternal depressive symptoms (MDS), mother-child interactions and early child development are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role of mother-child interactions on the associations between MDS and child development.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling method was conducted in rural areas of Central and Western China. MDS, child development outcomes (communication, gross motor function, fine motor function, problem solving and personal social skills) and mother-child interactions were assessed by The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, the Chinese version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, respectively. Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.

Results: A total of 2,548 participants (mothers: 1,274; children: 1,274) were included in our analyses. MDS was negatively associated with child development outcomes and mother-child interactions partly mediated these associations. The proportion of the mediating effect of mother-child interactions was 7.7% for communication, 8.2% for gross motor, 10.3% for fine motor, 10.1% for problem-solving and 9.5% for personal social domains. In addition, the interaction effects of MDS and mother-child interactions on the communication domain were significant (β = 0.070, 95% CI 0.016, 0.124; p = 0.011). The associations between MDS and child communication abilities were weaker at the high level (simple slope = -0.019, t = - 0.458, p = 0.647) of mother-child interactions than at the mean level (simple slope = -0.089, t = - 3.190, p = 0.002) and the low level (simple slope = -0.158, t = - 4.231, p < 0.001). Similar moderating effects were not observed in the other child development outcomes.

Conclusion: Our results suggest the important role of mother-child interactions on the associations between MDS and early childhood development. Due to the cross-sectional design of this study, these associations require further investigation in prospective studies.

Keywords: Early childhood development; Maternal depressive symptoms; Mediation analyses; Moderation analyses; Mother–child interactions.

Grants and funding

This study was funded by the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) China: “HEALTH, NUTRITION and WASH” [NO. 501]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.