COVID-19 transmission, vulnerability, persistence and nanotherapy: a review

Afzal Husain Khan; Vineet Tirth; Manal Fawzy; Alaa El Din Mahmoud; Nadeem A Khan; Sirajuddin Ahmed; Syed Sadat Ali; Muhammad Akram; Leena Hameed; Saiful Islam; Gotam Das; Sharmili Roy; Mohammad Hadi Dehghani

doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01229-4

COVID-19 transmission, vulnerability, persistence and nanotherapy: a review

Environ Chem Lett. 2021;19(4):2773-2787. doi: 10.1007/s10311-021-01229-4. Epub 2021 Apr 7.

Authors

Afzal Husain Khan¹, Vineet Tirth², Manal Fawzy³, Alaa El Din Mahmoud³, Nadeem A Khan⁴, Sirajuddin Ahmed⁴, Syed Sadat Ali⁵, Muhammad Akram⁶, Leena Hameed⁷, Saiful Islam⁸, Gotam Das⁹, Sharmili Roy¹⁰, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani^{11

12}

Affiliations

¹ Civil Engineering Department, Jazan University, Jazan, 114 Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413 Saudi Arabia.
³ Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt.
⁴ Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India.
⁵ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, 114 Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
⁷ Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
⁸ Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413 Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
¹¹ Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹² Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading.

Keywords: Coronavirus; Health care center; Nanotechnology; SARS-CoV-2; Wastewater; Water.

Publication types

Review