Few studies have demonstrated an association of sarcopenia-associated body measurements with chronic diseases through a comprehensive methodology. This study aims to examine the relationship between sarcopenia-associated body measurements and chronic diseases. This is a cohort study. We recruited 316 community dwellers, including 76 patients with sarcopenia and 240 controls, and obtained their body measurements associated with sarcopenia. We collected three-dimensional anthropometric body-surface measurements from 11,158 participants during 2000-2008 and followed up this cohort for 15 years to examine the association of these measurements with the risk of chronic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart disease, and nephrotic syndrome. Univariate analysis, canonical correlation, and Cox regression analysis were performed to explore the associations. Decreased waist width, upper left arm circumference, and left thigh circumference were significantly associated with sarcopenia. The adverse body measure score (ABMS) was derived by combining significant measurements, namely left upper arm circumference, waist width, and left thigh circumference, and used to predict the risk of hypertension, T2DM, heart diseases, and nephrotic syndrome. A positive association was observed between the ABMS and chronic diseases. Considering the first quartile of the ABMS as a reference, we determined hazard ratios of 2.259, 2.495, 1.332, and 1.595 for hypertension, T2DM, heart disease, and nephrotic syndrome, respectively, in the fourth quartile. Chronic diseases were more strongly associated with the ABMS than with sarcopenia-related body measurements alone. A high ABMS, which includes higher upper arm circumference, higher waist width, and lower thigh circumference, can significantly predict chronic diseases.