Immunoglobulins and Transcription Factors in Otitis Media

Su Young Jung; Dokyoung Kim; Dong Choon Park; Eun Hye Lee; Yong-Sung Choi; Jeewon Ryu; Sang Hoon Kim; Seung Geun Yeo

doi:10.3390/ijms22063201

Immunoglobulins and Transcription Factors in Otitis Media

Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 21;22(6):3201. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063201.

Authors

Su Young Jung¹, Dokyoung Kim², Dong Choon Park³, Eun Hye Lee⁴, Yong-Sung Choi⁴, Jeewon Ryu⁵, Sang Hoon Kim⁵, Seung Geun Yeo⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 10475, Korea.
² Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
³ Department of Gynecologic Oncology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
⁵ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.

Abstract

The causes of otitis media (OM) involve bacterial and viral infection, anatomo-physiological abnormalities of the Eustachian canal and nasopharynx, allergic rhinitis, group childcare centers, second-hand smoking, obesity, immaturity and defects of the immune system, formula feeding, sex, race, and age. OM is accompanied by complex and diverse interactions among bacteria, viruses, inflammatory cells, immune cells, and epithelial cells. The present study summarizes the antibodies that contribute to immune reactions in all types of otitis media, including acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, and chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma, as well as the transcription factors that induce the production of these antibodies. The types and distribution of B cells; the functions of B cells, especially in otorhinolaryngology; antibody formation in patients with otitis media; and antibodies and related transcription factors are described. B cells have important functions in host defenses, including antigen recognition, antigen presentation, antibody production, and immunomodulation. The phenotypes of B cells in the ear, nose, and throat, especially in patients with otitis media, were shown to be CD5^low, CD23^high, CD43^low, B220^high, sIgM^low, sIgD^high, Mac-1^low, CD80(B7.1)^low, CD86(B7.2)^low, and Syndecam-1^low. Of the five major classes of immunoglobulins produced by B cells, three (IgG, IgA, and IgM) are mainly involved in otitis media. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM are lower in patients with OM with effusion (OME) than in subjects without otitis media. Moreover, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in the middle ear cavity are increased during immune responses in patients with otitis media. B cell leukemia/lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) and paired box gene 5 (Pax-5) suppress antibody production, whereas B lymphocyte inducer of maturation program 1 (Blimp-1) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) promote antibody production during immune responses in patients with otitis media.

Keywords: acute otitis media; antibody; chronic otitis media; immunoglobulin; otitis media; otitis media with effusion.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Animals
Antibody Formation / immunology
B-Lymphocyte Subsets / immunology
B-Lymphocyte Subsets / metabolism
Disease Management
Disease Susceptibility*
Gene Expression Regulation
Humans
Immunoglobulin A / biosynthesis
Immunoglobulin A / immunology
Immunoglobulins / genetics
Immunoglobulins / immunology*
Otitis Media / diagnosis
Otitis Media / etiology*
Otitis Media / metabolism*
Transcription Factors / metabolism*

Substances

Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulins
Transcription Factors