Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications

Ahmed Zayed; Marwa T Badawy; Mohamed A Farag

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129609

Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications

Food Chem. 2021 Sep 1:355:129609. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129609. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

Authors

Ahmed Zayed¹, Marwa T Badawy², Mohamed A Farag³

Affiliations

¹ Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, El-guish Street, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
² Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
³ Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt. Electronic address: mohamed.farag@pharma.cu.edu.eg.

PMID: 33799261
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129609

Abstract

Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds' products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.

Keywords: Biorefinery; Biowastes; Citrus; Extraction; Seeds.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Antioxidants / chemistry
Citrus / chemistry*
Citrus / metabolism
Fatty Acids / analysis
Flavonoids / analysis
Functional Food / analysis*
Nutritive Value
Phytochemicals / analysis
Phytosterols / analysis
Seeds / chemistry
Seeds / metabolism

Substances

Antioxidants
Fatty Acids
Flavonoids
Phytochemicals
Phytosterols