Experimentally derived trophic enrichment and discrimination factors for Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Abstract

Rationale: Stable isotope analysis (SIA) can provide important insights into food web structure and is a widely used tool in ecological conservation and management. It has recently been augmented by compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA), an innovation that can provide greater precision when analyzing trophic level and food web connectivity. The utility of SIA rests on confidence in its constituent parameters such as the trophic enrichment factor (TEF). There is increasing emphasis on the need to experimentally derive species and tissue specific TEFs for studies utilizing SIA. Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, is a species with high potential for study using SIA due to the difficulty in observing its ecology during its marine phase and the significance of the conservation consequences of recent population declines.

Methods: Bulk and amino acid-specific TEFs were determined for juvenile and adult Chinook salmon fed specific diets. Three controlled feeding studies were performed: adult salmon were fed a biofeed, juvenile salmon were fed a biofeed, and juvenile salmon were fed krill. Bulk and compound-specific stable isotope data were collected from diet samples and from salmon muscle tissue after a minimum of 8 weeks of controlled feeding. Bulk isotope signatures were measured using EA-IRMS and CSIA-AA signatures using GC/C-IRMS, allowing the TEFs to be calculated.

Results: The bulk isotope TEFs were higher than those predicted for similar marine organisms and averaged 3.5‰ for ∆¹⁵ N and 1.3‰ for ∆¹³ C. The TEFs derived for nitrogen isotopes of amino acids were in line with expectations for this approach: the mean value for ∆¹⁵ N_Glu - ∆¹⁵ N_Phe was 7.06‰ and, using a multi-AA approach, the value for ∆¹⁵ N_Trophic - ∆¹⁵ N_Source was 6.67‰. For carbon isotopes of amino acids, the derived TEFs of Iso, Leu and Phe were near 0‰, as was that of Met, supporting their use of as source amino acids in future CSIA studies.

Conclusions: This study presents Chinook salmon-specific TEFs for bulk and amino acid SIA. It supports the application of future research applying SIA to the study of Chinook salmon and validates previous research on species-specific TEFs.