Novel PF74-like small molecules targeting the HIV-1 capsid protein: Balance of potency and metabolic stability

Abstract

Of all known small molecules targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid protein (CA), PF74 represents by far the best characterized chemotype, due to its ability to confer antiviral phenotypes in both early and late phases of viral replication. However, the prohibitively low metabolic stability renders PF74 a poor antiviral lead. We report herein our medicinal chemistry efforts toward identifying novel and metabolically stable small molecules targeting the PF74 binding site. Specifically, we replaced the inter-domain-interacting, electron-rich indole ring of PF74 with less electron-rich isosteres, including imidazolidine-2,4-dione, pyrimidine-2,4-dione, and benzamide, and identified four potent antiviral compounds (10, 19, 20 and 26) with markedly improved metabolic stability. Compared to PF74, analog 20 exhibited similar submicromolar potency, and much longer (51-fold) half-life in human liver microsomes (HLMs). Molecular docking corroborated that 20 binds to the PF74 binding site, and revealed distinct binding interactions conferred by the benzamide moiety. Collectively, our data support compound 20 as a promising antiviral lead.

Keywords: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CA, capsid protein; CACTD, CA C-terminal domain; CANTD, CA N-terminal domain; Capsid protein; HBA, H-bond acceptor; HBD, H-bond donor; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HIV-1; HLM, human liver microsome; MLM, mouse liver microsome; Microsomal stability; PF74; PK, pharmacokinetic; SAR, structure‒activity relationship; TSA, thermal shift assay.