Risk factors for surgical complications in the management of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Abstract

Background context: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a progressive, debilitating disease most commonly affecting the cervical spine. When compared to other degenerative pathologies, OPLL procedures carry a significantly higher risk of complications owing to increased case complexity and technical difficulties. Most previous studies have focused on functional outcomes and few have reported on risk factors for postoperative complications in OPLL patients.

Purpose: To identify clinical and radiological risk factors of surgical complications following treatment for cervical OPLL STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review PATIENT SAMPLE: One hundred thirty-one patients with cervical myelopathy secondary to OPLL who underwent surgical decompression with complete 2-year follow-up.

Outcome measures: Surgical and medical postoperative complications were analyzed. Revision surgery rates and mortality rates were recorded.

Methods: Clinical, surgical, and radiological characteristics were collected for each patient. Complications within 30 days were identified. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify risk factors for surgical complications.

Results: There were 39 (29.8%) surgical complications in the cohort, which included C5 palsy (7.6%), dural tear (3.1%), surgical site infection (3.1%), and epidural hematoma (1.5%). 2-year revision and mortality rates were 4.6% and 2.3%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that blood loss ≥750mL (OR 3.42, p=0.028), operative duration ≥5.5 hours (OR 3.16, p=0.008), hill-type OPLL (OR 3.08, p=0.011), K-line (-) OPLL (OR 5.39, p<0.001), and presence of a double-layer sign (OR 3.79, p=0.002) were significant risk factors. In multivariate analysis, only hill-type OPLL (OR 2.61, p=0.048) and K-line (-) OPLL (OR 2.98, p=0.031) were found to be significant. Patients with both hill-type and K-line (-) OPLL had a 3.5 times risk of developing surgical complications (p=0.009).

Conclusions: Patients with OPLL have a higher risk of perioperative surgical complications if they had a hill-shaped OPLL and K-line (-) OPLL on preoperative imaging studies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to link hill-type and K-line (-) OPLL morphology as risk factors for perioperative surgical complications.

Keywords: Cervical; Complications; Multivariate analysis; Myelopathy; OPLL; Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; Perioperative; Predictors; Risk factors; Surgery.