The presence of Toxoplasma gondii in soil, their transmission, and their influence on the small ruminants and human population: A review

Mian Adnan Kakakhel; Fasi Wu; Zahid Anwar; Irfan Saif; Noor Ul Akbar; Naila Gul; Ihsan Ali; Huyuan Feng; Wanfu Wang

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104850

The presence of Toxoplasma gondii in soil, their transmission, and their influence on the small ruminants and human population: A review

Microb Pathog. 2021 Sep:158:104850. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104850. Epub 2021 Mar 22.

Authors

Mian Adnan Kakakhel¹, Fasi Wu², Zahid Anwar³, Irfan Saif¹, Noor Ul Akbar⁴, Naila Gul⁴, Ihsan Ali⁵, Huyuan Feng⁶, Wanfu Wang⁷

Affiliations

¹ MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
² MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Conservation Institute, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, PR China.
³ Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, 330031, PR China.
⁴ Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
⁵ College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710069, PR China.
⁶ MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China. Electronic address: fenghy@lzu.edu.cn.
⁷ MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Conservation Institute, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, PR China; Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, 736200, Gansu, PR China. Electronic address: wwanfu@hotmail.com.

PMID: 33766632
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104850

Abstract

The ecosystem approach has been developed since the 1940s. An ecosystem is a community of living organism and their interaction and conjugation with abiotic factors of the environment. The ecosystem is not endemic to the aquatic environment only but, the terrestrial environment is also considered to be a part of an ecosystem. Soil act as mother role for the survival of different microorganism. The Toxoplasma gondii oocysts stay survive for a long time in the soil. This presence of these oocysts might critically enhance the success of this parasite in two ways. First, this parasite can widespread; second, it can create a lot of consequences regarding animals and their economic value. Soil contamination caused by Toxoplasma gondii Y is a significant and profound issue for animals and public health. Therefore, the current study was aimed to summarize and correlate the soil and parasite, their transmission, infection, and some aspects related to T. gondii. The small animals are pose at a high risk therefore, it was concluded that some preventive measures should be taken to keep secure itself from zoonotic diseases.

Keywords: Parasite; Small ruminants; Soil; Toxoplasma gondii; Transmission.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Animals
Ecosystem
Humans
Ruminants
Soil
Toxoplasma*
Toxoplasmosis, Animal* / epidemiology

Substances

Soil