Prevalence and associated factors of iron deficiency in Spanish children aged 1 to 11 years

Abstract

Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional deficiency affecting children worldwide. Most traditional laboratory parameters to assess ID can be altered by infections or other inflammatory states, including obesity. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of ID in healthy children and to analyse associated factors, avoiding potential confounding factors through the use of serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), reticulocyte haemoglobin content and sTfR/log ferritin index. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 951 children aged 1 to 11 years in Almería (Spain). ID was detected in 7.7% of children and iron deficiency anaemia in 0.9%. Multivariate analysis identified the following as independent risk factors: age under 5 years (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.35-3.6); excessive consumption of cow's milk and dairy products (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.13-3.1); and insufficient consumption of vegetables (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-6.1).Conclusions: Using a combination of iron status parameters with greater discriminatory power than classical measures, this study detected a considerable iron deficiency prevalence in Spanish children. Younger children and specific dietary habits exhibit a particular risk for ID, so special attention should be paid to this population. What is Known: • Iron deficiency remains the most prevalent nutritional deficit worldwide, and children aged under 3 years are the most vulnerable to this condition. • Accurate assessment of iron status, based on a combination of biochemical indicators, can often be complicated. What is New: • Iron deficiency continues to present a health problem in Spanish children aged 1 to 11 years, considering the serum transferrin receptor and reticulocyte haemoglobin content for diagnosis. • Excessive consumption of dairy products and low consumption of vegetables are independent risk factors for iron deficiency.

Keywords: Child; Cow’s milk; Diet; Iron deficiency; Reticulocyte haemoglobin content; Serum transferrin receptor.