Glutamate-weighted CEST (gluCEST) imaging is nearly unique in its ability to provide non-invasive, spatially resolved measurements of glutamate in vivo. In this article, we present an improved correction for B1 inhomogeneity of gluCEST images of the human brain. Images were obtained on a Siemens 7.0 T Terra outfitted with a single-volume transmit/32-channel receive phased array head coil. Numerical Bloch-McConnell simulations, fitting and data processing were performed using in-house code written in MATLAB and MEX (MATLAB executable). "Calibration" gluCEST data was acquired and fit with a phenomenological functional form first described here. The resulting surfaces were used to correct experimental data in accordance with a newly developed method. Healthy volunteers of varying ages were used for both fitted "calibration" data and corrected "experimental" data. Simulations allowed us to describe the dependence of CEST at 3.0 ppm (gluCEST) on saturation B1 using a new functional form, whose validity was confirmed by successful fitting to real human data. This functional form was used to parameterize surfaces over the space (B1 , T1 ), which could then be used to correct the signal from each pixel. The resulting images show less signal loss in areas of low B1 and greater contrast than those generated using the previously published method. We demonstrate that, using this method with appropriate nominal saturation B1 , the major limitation of correcting for B1 inhomogeneity becomes the effective flip angle of the acquisition module, rather than inability to correct for inhomogeneous saturation. The lower limit of our correction ability with respect to both saturation and acquisition B1 is about 40% of the nominal value. In summary, we demonstrate a more rigorous and successful approach to correcting gluCEST images for B1 inhomogeneity. Limitations of the method and further improvements to enable correction in regions with severe pathology are discussed.
Keywords: B1; CEST; brain; glutamate.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.