Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Potential Targets for Anti-Cancer Activity of Marine Invertebrate-Derived Compounds

Abstract

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are M2 phenotype dominant and promote tumor growth and metastasis. The new cancer treatment strategy includes TAM targeting and is aimed primarily at reprogramming TAMs toward the M1 phenotype or reducing the number and activity of M2 macrophages. Several marine invertebrate-derived drugs, combining efficacy and a low level of side effects, were approved for use in the cancer therapy. The mechanisms of action of some of them include TAM targeting. The review includes data showing immunomodulatory properties of these already approved anticancer drugs and drug candidates in clinical development which additionally incorporate data from screening studies of new substances from marine invertebrates. Based on screening data, the most promising marine compounds for cancer immunotherapy are supposed.

Keywords: Marine invertebrate-derived compounds; NO; anticancer drugs; cancer immunotherapy.; cytokines; macrophage reprogramming; tumor-associated macrophages.