Real-world emissions of construction mobile machines and comparison to a non-road emission model

Ran Tu; Tiezhu Li; Chunsheng Meng; Jinyi Chen; Zhen Sheng; Yisong Xie; Fangjian Xie; Feng Yang; Haibo Chen; Ying Li; Jianbing Gao; Ye Liu

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145365

Real-world emissions of construction mobile machines and comparison to a non-road emission model

Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jun 1:771:145365. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145365. Epub 2021 Jan 24.

Authors

Ran Tu¹, Tiezhu Li², Chunsheng Meng³, Jinyi Chen⁴, Zhen Sheng⁵, Yisong Xie⁶, Fangjian Xie⁷, Feng Yang⁸, Haibo Chen⁹, Ying Li¹⁰, Jianbing Gao¹¹, Ye Liu¹²

Affiliations

¹ School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: turancoolgal@seu.edu.cn.
² School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: litiezhu@seu.edu.cn.
³ School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: 657487148@qq.com.
⁴ School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: 230179619@seu.edu.cn.
⁵ School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: fangcaozz@163.com.
⁶ Nanjing Institute of Ecological Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: 77451931@qq.com.
⁷ Nanjing Institute of Ecological Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: strong886@126.com.
⁸ Nanjing Institute of Ecological Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: 510723286@qq.com.
⁹ Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Electronic address: H.Chen@its.leeds.ac.uk.
¹⁰ Dynnoteq, 61 Bridge Street, Kington HR5 3DJ, UK. Electronic address: ylitransportation@gmail.com.
¹¹ Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Electronic address: J.Gao1@leeds.ac.uk.
¹² Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Electronic address: Y.Liu8@leeds.ac.uk.

PMID: 33736176
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145365

Abstract

This study implemented real-world tests in Nanjing, China for measuring emission factors (EFs) of air pollutants, including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen Oxides (NO_x), and Particulate Matter (PM) from ten construction machines in three operational modes (idling, moving, and working) with a Portable Emission Measurement System. The idling mode shows the least variation of EFs, and its average CO EFs can be higher than the moving and working modes by 43% and 34%, respectively. The working mode generates the highest emission for all other pollutants with the highest variation. The EFs suggested by the Guide (an official guidebook for developing emission inventory in China) are in general lower than the measured EFs, and the gap becomes larger for older machines. The EFs of CO, NO_x, and PM of China Stage II machines are 24%, 120%, and 66% higher than those of the Guide, respectively. The differences go up as high as 126%, 1066%, and 559% for China Stage I machines, indicating the upgrade of engine technology from Stage I to Stage II, as well as the effect of machine deterioration. The result of this study reveals the effectiveness of stringent emission standards in controlling emissions from construction machines. High emissions from older machines emphasize the importance of a more rigorous machine replacement policy and a regulated maintenance strategy. The result also stresses the need to update the Guide with differentiated activity modes, region variations, and machine deterioration effects.

Keywords: Air pollutant emissions; Construction machinery; Non-road emission model; Non-road mobile machinery (NRMM); Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS).