Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder in a Patient With Toluene Leukoencephalopathy

Abstract

Objective: Inhalant users may develop toluene leukoencephalopathy, a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder. We present a case of toluene-induced damage to the corticospinal and the corticonuclear tracts, which presented with involuntary emotional expression disorder.

Methods: Case study of a 20-year-old man with a 3-year history of frequent solvent abuse was admitted to the Neuropsychiatry Unit of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery because "he could not speak or walk" but would keep "laughing and crying without reason".

Results: Neuropsychiatric examination revealed pathological laughter and crying, facial and speech apraxia, a bilateral pyramidal syndrome, and lack of control of urinary sphincter. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a highly selective bilateral damage to the pyramidal system and the somatosensory pathway. SPECT imaging showed left fronto-parietal hypoperfusion.

Conclusions: This document provides support for the understanding of involuntary emotional expression disorders as a differential diagnosis in the clinical practice of psychiatrists, as well as the functional anatomy of these conditions.

Keywords: Involuntary emotional expression disorder; Leucoencefalopatía; Leukoencephalopathy; Parálisis seudobulbar; Pathological laughing and crying; Pseudobulbar palsy; Risa y llanto patológicos; Toluene; Tolueno; Trastorno de la expresión emocional involuntaria.