Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy characterized by poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Drug treatment is proving to be effective in anti-HCC. However, only a small number of HCC patients exhibit sensitive responses, and drug resistance occurs frequently in advanced patients. Autophagy, an evolutionary process responsible for the degradation of cellular substances, is closely associated with the acquisition and maintenance of drug resistance for HCC. This review focuses on autophagic proteins and explores the intricate relationship between autophagy and cancer stem cells, tumor-derived exosomes, and noncoding RNA. Clinical trials involved in autophagy inhibition combined with anticancer drugs are also concerned.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use*
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Autophagy / drug effects*
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Autophagy-Related Proteins / metabolism
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Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / drug therapy*
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Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / metabolism
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Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / pathology
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Drug Resistance, Neoplasm*
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Exosomes / drug effects
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Exosomes / genetics
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Exosomes / metabolism
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Exosomes / pathology
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Humans
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Liver Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Liver Neoplasms / genetics
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Liver Neoplasms / metabolism
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Liver Neoplasms / pathology
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Neoplastic Stem Cells / drug effects
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Neoplastic Stem Cells / metabolism
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Neoplastic Stem Cells / pathology
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RNA, Untranslated / genetics
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RNA, Untranslated / metabolism
Substances
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Antineoplastic Agents
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Autophagy-Related Proteins
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RNA, Untranslated