Exercise and Physical Activity eHealth in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Effects on Motivations, Behavior Change Mechanisms, and Behavior

Gonzalo Marchant; Flavia Bonaiuto; Marino Bonaiuto; Emma Guillet Descas

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618362

Exercise and Physical Activity eHealth in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Effects on Motivations, Behavior Change Mechanisms, and Behavior

Front Psychol. 2021 Feb 22:12:618362. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618362. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Gonzalo Marchant¹, Flavia Bonaiuto², Marino Bonaiuto³, Emma Guillet Descas¹

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Vulnerabilities and Innovation in Sport, UFR STAPS, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
² Faculty of Economics, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy.
³ CIRPA - Interuniversity Research Centre in Environmental Psychology, Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Abstract

Objectives: The aims of this research were (1) to compare the levels of physical activity of eHealth users and non-users, (2) to determine the effects of these technologies on motivations, and (3) to establish the relationship that could exist between psychological constructs and physical activity behaviors.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 569 adults who responded to an online questionnaire during confinement in France. The questions assessed demographics, usage of eHealth for exercise and physical activity, and behavioral levels. The questionnaire also measured the constructs of Social Cognitive Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and automaticity facets toward eHealth for exercise and physical activity.

Results: Participants who were users of eHealth for exercise and physical activity presented significantly higher levels of vigorous physical activity and total physical activity per week than non-users (p < 0.001). The chi-square test showed significant interactions between psychological constructs toward eHealth (i.e., self-efficacy, behavioral attitudes, intentions, and automaticity) and physical activity levels (all interactions were p < 0.05). Self-efficacy was significantly and negatively correlated with walking time per week. Concerning the automaticity facets, efficiency was positive and significantly correlated with vigorous physical activity levels per week (p < 0.05). Then, regressions analyses showed that self-efficacy and automaticity efficiency explained 5% of the variance of walking minutes per week (ß = -0.27, p < 0.01) and vigorous physical activity per week (ß = 0.20, p < 0.05), respectively.

Conclusion: This study has shown that people during confinement looked for ways to stay active through eHealth. However, we must put any technological solution into perspective. The eHealth offers possibilities to stay active, however its benefits and the psychological mechanisms affected by it remains to be demonstrated: eHealth could be adapted to each person and context.

Keywords: attitude; automaticity; digitalization; habits; intentions; self-effcacy.