The COVID-19 Treatment Landscape: A South African Perspective on a Race Against Time

Candice Laverne Hendricks; Candice Herd; Marcel Nel; Gregory Tintinger; Michael Sean Pepper

doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.604087

The COVID-19 Treatment Landscape: A South African Perspective on a Race Against Time

Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Feb 19:8:604087. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.604087. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Candice Laverne Hendricks¹, Candice Herd¹, Marcel Nel¹, Gregory Tintinger², Michael Sean Pepper¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
² Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

Abstract

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 94 million people worldwide (as of 17 January 2020). Severe disease is believed to be secondary to the cytokine release syndrome (CRS or "cytokine storm") which causes local tissue damage as well as multi-organ dysfunction and thrombotic complications. Due to the high mortality rates in patients receiving invasive ventilation, practice has changed from "early-intubation" for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to a trial of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen. Reports indicating the benefit of NIV and HFNC have been encouraging and have led to more than 20,000 such devices being manufactured and ready for roll-out in South Africa (SA) as of July 2020. The need to identify drugs with clear clinical benefits has led to an array of clinical trials, most of which are repurposing drugs for COVID-19. The treatment landscape reflects the need to target both the virus and its effects such as the CRS and thrombotic complications. Conflicting results have the potential to confuse the implementation of coordinated treatment strategies and guidelines. The purpose of this review is to address pertinent areas in the current literature on the available medical treatment options for COVID-19. Remdesivir, tocilizumab, and dexamethasone are some of the treatment options that have shown the most promise, but further randomized trials are required to particularly address timing and dosages to confidently create standardized protocols. For the SA population, two healthcare sectors exist. In the private sector, patients with medical insurance may have greater access to a wider range of treatment options than those in the public sector. The latter serves >80% of the population, and resource constraints require the identification of drugs with the most cost-effective use for the greatest number of affected patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antimalarials; antivirals; cytokine release syndrome; high flow nasal oxygen; treatment.

Publication types

Review