Neurotoxic effects of local anesthetics (LAs) on developing motor neurons have not been documented. We investigated the neurotoxic effects of LAs on developing motor neurons in terms of cell viability, cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis. Embryonic spinal cord motor neurons were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses and exposed to one of the three LAs-lidocaine, bupivacaine, or ropivacaine-at concentrations of 1, 10, 100, or 1000 µM. The exposure duration was set to 1 or 24 h. The neurotoxic effects of LAs were determined by evaluating the following: cell viability, cytotoxicity, ROS production, and apoptosis. In the 1-h exposure group, the motor neurons exposed to lidocaine and bupivacaine had reduced cell viability and increased cytotoxicity, ROS, and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Lidocaine showed the highest toxicity, followed by bupivacaine. In the 24-h exposure group, all three LAs showed significant effects (decreased cell viability and increased cytotoxicity, ROS, and apoptosis) on the motor neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. The neurotoxic effects of lidocaine were greater than those of bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Ropivacaine appeared to have the least effect on motor neurons. This study identified the neurotoxic effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine on developing spinal cord motor neurons.
Keywords: apoptosis; bupivacaine; lidocaine; motor neurons; ropivacaine; toxicity.