Dopamine-Mediated Vanillin Multicomponent Derivative Synthesis via Grindstone Method: Application of Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Cytotoxic Activities

Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021 Feb 23:15:787-802. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S288389. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the extent of contribution of dopamine to antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities, by dopamine addition to vanillin. This study achieved the synthesis of dopamine-associated vanillin Mannich base derivatives prepared via a one-step reaction involving a green chemistry approach, and investigation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities.

Methods: Novel one-pot synthesis of Mannich base dopamine-connected vanillin (1a-l) derivatives can be achieved via green chemistry without using a catalyst. Newly-prepared compounds were characterised with FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectra, mass spectra, and elemental analyses. In total, 12 compounds (1a-l) were synthesised and their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities evaluated. Antioxidant activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and diammonium assays, ABTS•+ radical scavenging, and linoleic acid peroxidation were used to screen all synthesised compounds (1a-l) for anti-tyrosinase activities and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Vero cell lines;.

Results: The compound 1k inhibited (IC50:11.02µg/mL) the DPPH-scavenging activity to a greater extent than the standard BHT (IC50:25.17µg/mL), and showed high activity in H2O2 and NO scavenging assays. Compound 1e was more potent (96.21%) against ABTS and compound 1k was more potent (95.28%) against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride antioxidant than the standard trolox. All synthesised compounds were screened for anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Compound 1e had higher activity against tyrosinase (IC50=10.63 µg/mL), than kojic acid (IC50=21.52µg/mL), and was more cytotoxic (GI50 0.01µM) against MCF-7 cell line than the doxorubicin standard and other tested compounds.

Conclusion: In this study, all compounds were found to possess significant antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Compounds 1e and 1k performed well, compared with other compounds, in all assays. In addition, this study successfully identified several promising molecules that exhibited antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities.

Keywords: Mannich base; anti-tyrosinase activity; antioxidant; cytotoxicity; grindstone chemistry.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemical synthesis
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Antioxidants / chemical synthesis
  • Antioxidants / chemistry
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology*
  • Benzaldehydes / chemistry
  • Benzaldehydes / pharmacology*
  • Benzothiazoles / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Biphenyl Compounds / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Dopamine / chemistry
  • Dopamine / pharmacology*
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemical synthesis
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Green Chemistry Technology
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen Peroxide / antagonists & inhibitors
  • MCF-7 Cells
  • Molecular Structure
  • Monophenol Monooxygenase / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Monophenol Monooxygenase / metabolism
  • Nitric Oxide / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Picrates / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Sulfonic Acids / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Vero Cells

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Benzaldehydes
  • Benzothiazoles
  • Biphenyl Compounds
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Picrates
  • Sulfonic Acids
  • 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Hydrogen Peroxide
  • vanillin
  • 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
  • Monophenol Monooxygenase
  • Dopamine