1 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.
2 Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Hunan, China.
3 Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Hunan, China.
4 Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
5 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.