Background: Osteochondral defects, if left untreated, do not heal and can potentially progress toward osteoarthritis. Direct gene transfer of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) with the clinically adapted recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors is a powerful tool to durably activate osteochondral repair processes.
Purpose: To examine the ability of an rAAV-FGF-2 construct to target the healing processes of focal osteochondral injury over time in a large translational model in vivo versus a control gene transfer condition.
Study design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Standardized osteochondral defects created in the knee joints of adult sheep were treated with an rAAV human FGF-2 (hFGF-2) vector by direct administration into the defect relative to control (reporter) rAAV-lacZ gene transfer. Osteochondral repair was monitored using macroscopic, histological, immunohistological, and biochemical methods and by micro-computed tomography after 6 months.
Results: Effective, localized prolonged FGF-2 overexpression was achieved for 6 months in vivo relative to the control condition without undesirable leakage of the vectors outside the defects. Such rAAV-mediated hFGF-2 overexpression significantly increased the individual histological parameter "percentage of new subchondral bone" versus lacZ treatment, reflected in a volume of mineralized bone per unit volume of the subchondral bone plate that was equal to a normal osteochondral unit. Also, rAAV-FGF-2 significantly improved the individual histological parameters "defect filling,""matrix staining," and "cellular morphology" and the overall cartilage repair score versus the lacZ treatment and led to significantly higher cell densities and significantly higher type II collagen deposition versus lacZ treatment. Likewise, rAAV-FGF-2 significantly decreased type I collagen expression within the cartilaginous repair tissue.
Conclusion: The current work shows the potential of direct rAAV-mediated FGF-2 gene therapy to enhance osteochondral repair in a large, clinically relevant animal model over time in vivo.
Clinical relevance: Delivery of therapeutic (hFGF-2) rAAV vectors in sites of focal injury may offer novel, convenient tools to enhance osteochondral repair in the near future.
Keywords: articular cartilage; gene therapy; growth factors; osteochondral defects; rAAV; sheep model.