Affinity-coupled CCL22 promotes positive selection in germinal centres

Nature. 2021 Apr;592(7852):133-137. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03239-2. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Abstract

Antibody affinity maturation depends on positive selection in germinal centres (GCs) of rare B cell clones that acquire higher-affinity B cell receptors via somatic hypermutation, present more antigen to follicular helper T (TFH) cells and, consequently, receive more contact-dependent T cell help1. As these GC B cells and TFH cells do not maintain long-lasting contacts in the chaotic GC environment2-4, it is unclear how sufficient T cell help is cumulatively focused onto those rare clones. Here we show that, upon stimulation of CD40, GC B cells upregulate the chemokine CCL22 and to a lesser extent CCL17. By engaging the chemokine receptor CCR4 on TFH cells, CCL22 and CCL17 can attract multiple helper cells from a distance, thus increasing the chance of productive help. During a GC response, B cells that acquire higher antigen-binding affinities express higher levels of CCL22, which in turn 'highlight' these high-affinity GC B cells. Acute increase or blockade of TFH cells helps to rapidly increase or decrease CCL22 expression by GC B cells, respectively. Therefore, a chemokine-based intercellular reaction circuit links the amount of T cell help that individual B cells have received recently to their subsequent ability to attract more help. When CCL22 and CCL17 are ablated in B cells, GCs form but B cells are not affinity-matured efficiently. When competing with wild-type B cells in the same reaction, B cells lacking CCL22 and CCL17 receive less T cell help to maintain GC participation or develop into bone-marrow plasma cells. By uncovering a chemokine-mediated mechanism that highlights affinity-improved B cells for preferential help from TFH cells, our study reveals a principle of spatiotemporal orchestration of GC positive selection.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • B-Lymphocytes / cytology
  • B-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Chemokine CCL17 / deficiency
  • Chemokine CCL17 / genetics
  • Chemokine CCL22 / deficiency
  • Chemokine CCL22 / genetics
  • Chemokine CCL22 / metabolism*
  • Female
  • Germinal Center / cytology*
  • Germinal Center / immunology*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Palatine Tonsil / cytology
  • Receptors, CCR4 / deficiency
  • Receptors, CCR4 / genetics
  • T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / cytology
  • T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / immunology
  • Up-Regulation

Substances

  • CCL22 protein, human
  • Ccl17 protein, mouse
  • Ccl22 protein, mouse
  • Ccr4 protein, mouse
  • Chemokine CCL17
  • Chemokine CCL22
  • Receptors, CCR4