Illuminating the dark conformational space of macrocycles using dominant rotors

Nat Chem. 2021 Mar;13(3):218-225. doi: 10.1038/s41557-020-00620-y. Epub 2021 Feb 15.

Abstract

Three-dimensional conformation is the primary determinant of molecular properties. The thermal energy available at room temperature typically equilibrates the accessible conformational states. Here, we introduce a method for isolating unique and previously understudied conformations of macrocycles. The observation of unusual conformations of 16- to 22-membered rings has been made possible by controlling their interconversion using dominant rotors, which represent tunable atropisomeric constituents with relatively high rotational barriers. Density functional theory and in situ NMR measurements suggest that dominant rotor candidates for the amino-acid-based structures considered here should possess a rotational energy barrier of at least 25 kcal mol-1. Notable differences in the geometries of the macrocycle conformations were identified by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. There is evidence that amino acid residues can be forced into rare turn motifs not observed in the corresponding linear counterparts and homodetic rings. These findings should unlock new avenues for studying the conformation-activity relationships of bioactive molecules.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Density Functional Theory
  • Macrocyclic Compounds / chemistry*
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Peptides, Cyclic / chemical synthesis
  • Peptides, Cyclic / chemistry
  • Protein Conformation
  • Thermodynamics

Substances

  • Macrocyclic Compounds
  • Peptides, Cyclic