1 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
2 Institute for Healthcare Delivery Science, Department of Population Health Science & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
4 Department of Anesthesiology and Orthopaedics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
5 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
6 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA memtsoudiss@hss.edu.
7 Department of Health Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.