Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review

Mohd Iqbal Yatoo; Zeenat Hamid; Izhar Rather; Qurat Ul Ain Nazir; Riyaz Ahmed Bhat; Abrar Ul Haq; Suhail Nabi Magray; Zulfqar Haq; Ranjit Sah; Ruchi Tiwari; SenthilKumar Natesan; Muhammad Bilal; Harapan Harapan; Kuldeep Dhama

doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1871295

Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review

Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 Jul 3;17(7):1897-1909. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1871295. Epub 2021 Feb 12.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
² Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
³ Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
⁴ ICAR-Centre for Research on Poultry, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
⁵ Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁶ Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
⁸ School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China.
⁹ Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
¹⁰ Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
¹¹ Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
¹² Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created havoc worldwide. Due to the non-availability of any vaccine or drugs against COVID-19, immunotherapies involving convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal), and the use of immunomodulatory agents to enhance immunity are valuable alternative options. Cell-based therapies including natural killer cells, T cells, stem cells along with cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) based therapies are also being exploited potentially against COVID-19. Future research need to strengthen the field of developing effective immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators with a thrust of providing appropriate, affordable, convenient, and cost-effective prophylactic and treatment regimens to combat global COVID-19 crisis that has led to a state of medical emergency enforcing entire countries of the world to devote their research infrastructure and manpower in tackling this pandemic.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; covid-19; immunomodulators; immunotherapies.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

COVID-19 Serotherapy
COVID-19* / therapy
Coronavirus Infections*
Humans
Immunization, Passive
Immunotherapy
SARS-CoV-2

Grants and funding

This compilation is a review article written by its authors and required no substantial funding to be stated. However, it is supported under social responsibility cause against COVID-19 of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (SEED/TIASN/017/2018).