Stabilization and Release of Palm Tocotrienol Emulsion Fabricated Using pH-Sensitive Calcium Carbonate

Phui Yee Tan; Beng Ti Tey; Eng Seng Chan; Oi Ming Lai; Hon Weng Chang; Tai Boon Tan; Yuanfa Liu; Yong Wang; Chin Ping Tan

doi:10.3390/foods10020358

Stabilization and Release of Palm Tocotrienol Emulsion Fabricated Using pH-Sensitive Calcium Carbonate

Foods. 2021 Feb 7;10(2):358. doi: 10.3390/foods10020358.

Authors

Phui Yee Tan¹, Beng Ti Tey², Eng Seng Chan^{2

3}, Oi Ming Lai⁴, Hon Weng Chang⁵, Tai Boon Tan⁶, Yuanfa Liu^{7

8}, Yong Wang⁹, Chin Ping Tan^{5

10}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia.
² Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
³ Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform (MIPO), Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁶ Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁷ State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
⁸ Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
⁹ JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety (POPS), Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
¹⁰ Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.

Abstract

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) has been utilized as a pH-responsive component in various products. In this present work, palm tocotrienols-rich fraction (TRF) was successfully entrapped in a self-assembled oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system by using CaCO₃ as the stabilizer. The emulsion droplet size, viscosity and tocotrienols entrapment efficiency (EE) were strongly affected by varying the processing (homogenization speed and time) and formulation (CaCO₃ and TRF concentrations) parameters. Our findings indicated that the combination of 5000 rpm homogenization speed, 15 min homogenization time, 0.75% CaCO₃ concentration and 2% TRF concentration resulted in a high EE of tocotrienols (92.59-99.16%) and small droplet size (18.83 ± 1.36 µm). The resulting emulsion system readily released the entrapped tocotrienols across the pH range tested (pH 1-9); with relatively the highest release observed at pH 3. The current study presents a potential pH-sensitive emulsion system for the entrapment and delivery of palm tocotrienols.

Keywords: entrapment efficiency; homogenization; pickering emulsion; self-assembly; stability; tocotrienols.

Grants and funding

06-02-10-SF0157/Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi