Natural Vitamin D in Food: To What Degree Does 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Contribute to the Vitamin D Activity in Food?

Jette Jakobsen; Tue Christensen

doi:10.1002/jbm4.10453

Natural Vitamin D in Food: To What Degree Does 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Contribute to the Vitamin D Activity in Food?

JBMR Plus. 2021 Jan 3;5(1):e10453. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10453. eCollection 2021 Jan.

Authors

Jette Jakobsen¹, Tue Christensen²

Affiliations

¹ Research Group for Bioactives-Analysis and Application, National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark.
² Research Group for Nutrition, Sustainability and Health Promotion, National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark.

Abstract

Vitamin D3, vitamin D2, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D₃], and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D₂]constitute the vitamin D activity in food. In general, vitamin D activity in food depends on the food's fat content, the feed the animals have been fed, and the animal's exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light. There are many gaps in our knowledge of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in food, including the amount present in different types of food, and the amount we process in our daily dietary intake. We aimed to assess the vitamin D vitamers in food (eggs, milk, dairy products, chicken, veal, beef, and pork) on the Danish market using accredited analytical methods. We then combined these data with existing Danish data, as well as with the information from the Danish Dietary Survey to estimate the dietary intake of vitamin D3 and of 25(OH)D₃ by Danes. We report the level of vitamin D in 10% minced pork from free-range pigs slaughtered in summer as 1.39 μg vitamin D3/100 g and 0.40 μg 25(OH)D₃/100 g, which are significantly higher amounts (p < 0.001) than in early spring. The levels of vitamin D2 and 25(OH)D₂ are usually <0.05 μg/100 g, though in beef they are up to 0.14 μg/100 g. 25(OH)D₃ accounts for up to 100% in veal and 8% in fat from free-range pigs. In the Danish diet, the share of 25(OH)D₃ is 24% for children (4-17 years) and 18% for adults (18-75 years). Changes in animal-feeding strategy in the agriculture sector could change the share of 25(OH)D₃ to 11% and 12% if extra vitamin D3 is added to the feed, and the animals are exposed to sunlight or UVB lightlight. Replacing vitamin D3 by 25(OH)D₃ in the feed may result in a share of 25(OH)D₃ of 52% and 40%, respectively, in children and adults. These estimates are based on the assumption that vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D₃ contribute equally to the vitamin D activity. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Keywords: 25‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D; DIETARY INTAKE; FOOD DATABANK; FREE‐RANGE PIGS.