Combined method of 3H/3He apparent age and on-site helium analysis to identify groundwater flow processes and transport of perchloroethylene (PCE) in an urban area

Christian Moeck; Andrea L Popp; Matthias S Brennwald; Rolf Kipfer; Mario Schirmer

doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103773

Combined method of ³H/³He apparent age and on-site helium analysis to identify groundwater flow processes and transport of perchloroethylene (PCE) in an urban area

J Contam Hydrol. 2021 Mar:238:103773. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103773. Epub 2021 Jan 22.

Authors

Christian Moeck¹, Andrea L Popp², Matthias S Brennwald³, Rolf Kipfer⁴, Mario Schirmer⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: Christian.moeck@eawag.ch.
² Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
⁴ Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁵ Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

PMID: 33540239
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103773

Abstract

Urban groundwater management requires a thorough and robust scientific understanding of flow and transport processes. ³H/³He apparent ages have been shown to efficiently help provide important groundwater-related information. However, this type of analysis is expensive as well as labor- and time-intensive, and hence limits the number of potential sampling locations. To overcome this limitation, we established an inter-relationship between ³H/³He apparent groundwater ages and ⁴He concentrations analyzed in the field with a newly developed portable gas equilibrium membrane inlet mass spectrometer (GE-MIMS) system, and demonstrated that the results of the simpler GE-MIMS system are an accurate and reliable alternative to sophisticated laboratory based analyses. The combined use of ³H/³He lab-based ages and predicted ages from the ³H/³He-⁴He age relationship opens new opportunities for site characterization, and reveals insights into the conceptual understanding of groundwater systems. For our study site, we combined groundwater ages with hydrochemical data, water isotopes (¹⁸O and ²H), and perchloroethylene (PCE) concentrations (1) to identify spatial inter-aquifer mixing between artificially infiltrated groundwater and water originating from regional flow paths and (2) to explain the spatial differences in PCE contamination within the observed groundwater system. Overall, low PCE concentrations and young ages occur when the fraction of artificially infiltrated water is high. The results obtained from the age distribution analysis are strongly supported by the information gained from the isotopic and hydrochemical data. Moreover, for some wells, fault-induced aquifer connectivity is identified as a preferential flow path for the transport of older groundwater, leading to elevated PCE concentrations.

Keywords: 3H/3He apparent age; Aquifer connectivity; Environmental gases; Groundwater transport; Managed aquifer recharge (MAR); Perchloroethylene.

MeSH terms

Environmental Monitoring
Groundwater*
Helium / analysis
Isotopes / analysis
Tetrachloroethylene*

Substances

Isotopes
Helium
Tetrachloroethylene