Anti-cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of polysaccharides: A review of the mechanisms

Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 May:137:111303. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111303. Epub 2021 Jan 29.

Abstract

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury can lead to a series of serious brain diseases and cause death or different degrees of disability. Polysaccharide is a kind of biological macromolecule with multiple pharmacological activities and has been proven that it may be used for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury in the future. By sorting out all relevant research from 2000 to 2020, we selected 74 references and identified 22 kinds of polysaccharides. Almost all of these polysaccharides are extracted from traditional Chinese medicine. Research shows that these polysaccharides can improve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-oxidative stress, inhibiting the neuroinflammation, glutamate neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis, and exerting neurotrophic effect. The specific mechanisms include clearing ROS and RNS, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and blocking caspase cascade, regulating NMDA receptor and promoting angiogenesis. We hoped this review is instructive for researchers to design, research and develop polysaccharides.

Keywords: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury; Polysaccharides; Protective mechanisms.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / pharmacology
  • Animals
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents / therapeutic use
  • Antioxidants / therapeutic use
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Brain / drug effects*
  • Brain / metabolism
  • Brain / pathology
  • Brain Ischemia / drug therapy*
  • Brain Ischemia / metabolism
  • Brain Ischemia / pathology
  • Glutamic Acid / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Inflammation Mediators / metabolism
  • Neovascularization, Physiologic
  • Neurons / drug effects*
  • Neurons / metabolism
  • Neurons / pathology
  • Neuroprotective Agents / adverse effects
  • Neuroprotective Agents / therapeutic use*
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Polysaccharides / adverse effects
  • Polysaccharides / therapeutic use*
  • Reperfusion Injury / drug therapy*
  • Reperfusion Injury / metabolism
  • Reperfusion Injury / pathology

Substances

  • Angiogenesis Inducing Agents
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Inflammation Mediators
  • Neuroprotective Agents
  • Polysaccharides
  • Glutamic Acid