Left atrial appendage morphology predicts the formation of left atrial appendage thrombus

Abstract

Background: Nonchicken wing left atrial appendage (LAA) morphology is associated with higher risk for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) than chicken wing (CW) morphology.

Objective: Assess whether LAA morphology predicts the formation of LAA thrombus independent of age, sex, presenting rhythm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), or anticoagulant use.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on patients prospectively enrolled in the Vanderbilt LAA Registry or presenting for transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) between January 1, 2015, and November 1, 2017 (n = 306). Two physicians independently reviewed TEEs interpreted as having LAA thrombus. Determination of LAA morphology, ejection velocity, and presence of thrombus (n = 102) were based on 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° TEE views. The control cohort (n = 204) included consecutive AF patients undergoing TEE without LAA thrombus.

Results: LAA morphology in patients with LAA thrombus was: 35% windsock, 47% broccoli, and 12% CW. Windsock (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-9.3, p = .001) and broccoli (OR, 6.6; 95% CI: 2.6-16.6; p < .001) morphology were higher risk for thrombus compared to CW. Female sex predicted higher-odds for LAA thrombus (OR, 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4-4.8; p = .002) as did LAA-EV < 20 cm/s (OR, 11.12; 95% CI: 5.6-22.1). Anticoagulation use (OR, 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9; p = .03) and higher LVEF (OR, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98; p < .001) were associated with lower risk. In patients with a CW morphology who had LAA thrombus, 4 of the 7 had an LAA-EV < 20 cm/s and acute systolic heart failure with LVEF < 30% or active malignancy. In multivariable linear regression analysis controlling for presenting rhythm, anticoagulant use, age, sex, and LVEF, CW morphology appears relatively protective from LAA thrombus (p = .001).

Conclusion: CW LAA morphology appears relatively protective against the formation of LAA thrombus.

Keywords: atrial fibrillation; left atrial appendage morphology; left atrial appendage thrombus; stroke; transesophageal echocardiography.